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2.3 Stem Cells & Reproductive Biotech — Test 2
Q1. A stem cell is defined by two key properties: the ability to self-renew and the ability to:✓ Differentiate into specialised cell types
Q2. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are described as pluripotent because they can give rise to:✓ Cell types of all three germ layers
Q3. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are produced by:✓ Reprogramming adult somatic cells with defined factors
Q4. The classic 'Yamanaka factors' used to create iPSCs are Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and:✓ c-Myc
Q5. In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) involves:✓ Fertilising an egg by sperm outside the body
Q6. Artificial insemination is the technique of:✓ Introducing semen into the female reproductive tract by artificial means
Q7. Superovulation, used in embryo-transfer programmes, is the:✓ Hormonal stimulation of a female to release many eggs at once
Q8. Embryo transfer is the procedure of:✓ Placing an embryo into the reproductive tract of a recipient (surrogate) female
Q9. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is an assisted-reproduction technique in which:✓ A single sperm is injected directly into an egg
Q10. MOET, widely used to multiply elite cattle, stands for:✓ Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer
Q11. Embryonic stem cells are typically derived from which stage of the embryo?✓ The inner cell mass of the blastocyst
Q12. Adult (tissue) stem cells, such as those in bone marrow, are generally:✓ Multipotent (form a limited range of cell types)
Q13. Semen for artificial insemination is commonly stored long-term by:✓ Cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen
Q14. A potential application of stem cells in medicine is:✓ Replacing damaged cells or tissues (regenerative medicine)
Q15. A totipotent cell differs from a pluripotent cell in that a totipotent cell can also form:✓ Extra-embryonic tissues (e.g. placenta), making a complete organism
Q16. A major advantage of iPSCs over embryonic stem cells is that iPSCs:✓ Avoid the ethical issues of destroying embryos and can be patient-specific
Q17. Sexed semen, used in dairy breeding, allows farmers to:✓ Bias offspring toward a desired sex (e.g. females)
Q18. In-vitro maturation refers to maturing, outside the body, the:✓ Immature oocytes (eggs) to a fertilisable stage
Q19. Bone-marrow transplantation, an established stem-cell therapy, works because bone marrow contains:✓ Haematopoietic (blood-forming) stem cells
Q20. Match each reproductive or stem-cell technique with its description and select the correct option.✓ A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii