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3.3 Forensic Biotechnology — Test 1
Q1. DNA fingerprinting was first developed by:✓ Alec Jeffreys
Q2. Modern forensic DNA profiling is based mainly on analysing:✓ Short tandem repeats (STRs)
Q3. Short tandem repeats (STRs) are useful forensic markers because they are:✓ Highly variable (polymorphic) between individuals
Q4. To obtain enough DNA from a tiny crime-scene sample for profiling, forensic scientists use:✓ The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Q5. In paternity testing, a child's DNA profile is expected to show that, at each locus, the child inherits:✓ One allele from the mother and one from the biological father
Q6. For highly degraded samples or very old remains, forensic scientists often analyse:✓ Mitochondrial DNA
Q7. The amelogenin marker is included in forensic DNA profiling to determine the:✓ Sex of the source individual
Q8. A buccal swab, a common reference sample in forensics, collects cells from the:✓ Inside of the cheek (mouth)
Q9. CODIS, used in the USA, is best described as a:✓ DNA database of standardised STR profiles
Q10. Common biological sources of DNA at a crime scene include:✓ Blood, saliva, semen, hair and skin cells
Q11. Y-chromosome STR (Y-STR) analysis is especially useful for:✓ Tracing the male contributor / paternal lineage
Q12. After PCR amplification, forensic STR fragments are separated and sized by:✓ Capillary (or gel) electrophoresis
Q13. Except for identical twins, an individual's full DNA profile is considered:✓ Effectively unique to that person
Q14. The earliest DNA fingerprinting method, before STRs, was based on RFLP analysis of:✓ Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs/minisatellites)
Q15. A key application of forensic DNA analysis, besides solving crimes, is:✓ Identifying victims of disasters or missing persons
Q16. Maintaining a documented 'chain of custody' for forensic samples is important to:✓ Ensure evidence integrity and admissibility in court
Q17. A major technical precaution in forensic DNA work is avoiding:✓ Contamination of samples with extraneous DNA
Q18. For very degraded DNA, 'mini-STRs' are used because they:✓ Amplify shorter fragments that survive degradation better
Q19. Mitochondrial DNA is particularly useful for tracing maternal lineage because it is:✓ Inherited only from the mother
Q20. Match each forensic term with its description and select the correct option.✓ A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii