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1.2 Haemoglobin & Blood Groups β Test 1
Q1. The discovery of the ABO blood groups is associated with:β Karl Landsteiner
Q2. Which condition reduces the affinity of oxygen for human haemoglobin?β A rise in 2,3-BPG (BPG from 5 to 8 mM)
Q3. On an oxygen-binding graph, the curves for myoglobin, foetal haemoglobin and adult haemoglobin (in order of decreasing affinity) are:β Myoglobin > foetal Hb > adult Hb
Q4. In the ABO blood-group system, the antigenic determinants are:β Carbohydrates
Q5. Identification (typing) of blood groups relies on:β Agglutination
Q6. The blood group of a universal blood acceptor (recipient) is:β AB Rh positive
Q7. During heavy muscle activity, lactic acid accumulates; blood reaching these muscles will show:β Increased Oβ release from haemoglobin
Q8. In a long-distance runner, extra Oβ is released from haemoglobin to the muscles because of:β Accumulation of lactic acid lowering the pH
Q9. The Bohr effect explains why haemoglobin:β Unloads its oxygen when it meets a low pH
Q10. The phenomenon where a higher pCOβ increases the dissociation of HbOβ into Hb + Oβ is called:β Bohr effect
Q11. Which gas has the greatest affinity for haemoglobin?β Carbon monoxide
Q12. Regarding gas transport in mammals, which statement is INCORRECT?β Maximum COβ is transported bound to haemoglobin
Q13. Foetal haemoglobin (HbF) compared with adult haemoglobin (HbA):β Has higher Oβ affinity and is composed of Ξ±βΞ³β
Q14. Haemoglobin has the highest binding affinity towards:β Carbon monoxide
Q15. If lung pOβ is 100 torr (Hb ~97% saturated) and tissue pOβ is 20 torr (Hb ~30% saturated), the approximate percentage of oxygen released is:β About 60%
1.2 Haemoglobin & Blood Groups β Test 2
Q16. Which respiratory pigment does NOT contain haem?β Haemocyanin
Q17. Qββ (the temperature coefficient) is most directly associated with:β The rate of a metabolic/physiological process with a 10Β°C change
Q18. Dietary deficiency of cobalamin (vitamin B12) causes:β Pernicious anaemia
Q19. Match: Alzheimer's disease, Mad cow disease, Sickle-cell anaemia, Swine flu with their associated agent/molecule. The correct set is:β Alzheimer'sβamyloid; Mad cowβprions; Sickle-cellβhaemoglobin; Swine fluβH1N1
Q20. After partial removal of the stomach, a person may develop anaemia mainly because:β Loss of intrinsic factor impairs vitamin B12 absorption
Q21. Which respiratory pigment occurs in the haemolymph of many crustaceans?β Haemocyanin
Q22. The reversible gas-exchange phenomenon described by the Bohr effect is exhibited by:β Haemoglobin
Q23. In arterial blood, COβ is transported mainly as:β Bicarbonate
Q24. The sigmoid (S-shaped) oxygenβhaemoglobin dissociation curve arises because:β Oβ binding to one subunit increases affinity of the others (cooperativity)
Q25. The oxygen-carrying pigment chlorocruorin (in some annelids) contains the metal ion:β Iron (Fe)
Q26. During physical exercise, the P50 of haemoglobin rises (right shift). A correct reason is:β Increased COβ and lower pH in active muscle reduce Oβ affinity
Q27. Which is the most powerful buffer system of whole blood?β Haemoglobin (and protein) buffer
Q28. Three Oβ-dissociation curves are shown with curve b as normal. A curve shifted right (curve c) can represent:β A decrease in pH (more acidic blood)
Q29. Polar bears and some hibernators stay warm partly because their brown fat is rich in:β Uncoupling protein (thermogenin)
Q30. Which vitamin deficiency is correctly paired with its disease: vitamin A β night blindness; vitamin B12 β pernicious anaemia; vitamin D β rickets; vitamin K β bleeding tendency. Which option lists them all correctly?β Aβnight blindness; B12βpernicious anaemia; Dβrickets; Kβbleeding
1.2 Haemoglobin & Blood Groups β Test 3
Q31. Sickle-cell anaemia results from an abnormality of:β The Ξ²-globin chain of haemoglobin
Q32. The reason carbon monoxide is dangerous is that it:β Binds haemoglobin tightly, blocking oxygen transport
Q33. The shift of the oxygen-dissociation curve seen in foetal haemoglobin (relative to adult) is to the:β Left (higher Oβ affinity)
Q34. The maximum oxygen that haemoglobin can carry depends mainly on its content of:β Iron-containing haem groups
Q35. Myoglobin differs from haemoglobin in that it:β Has a single subunit and stores Oβ in muscle
Q36. At high altitude, an increase in red-cell 2,3-BPG helps the body by:β Lowering Hb Oβ affinity so more Oβ is unloaded to tissues
Q37. The Haldane effect describes how:β Deoxygenated haemoglobin carries more COβ
Q38. Each haemoglobin molecule can bind a maximum of how many oxygen molecules?β Four
Q39. The iron atom in haemoglobin that binds oxygen is in which oxidation state?β Ferrous (Fe2+)
Q40. A person with blood group AB has on their red cells:β Both A and B antigens
Q41. A person with blood group O has in their plasma:β Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Q42. The Rh-negative mother carrying an Rh-positive baby is at risk in a second pregnancy because she may have made:β Anti-Rh (anti-D) antibodies
Q43. Carbon monoxide is dangerous because it binds haemoglobin:β Much more tightly than oxygen, blocking Oβ transport
Q44. The right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve in active tissues is beneficial because it:β Releases more oxygen to the tissues
Q45. Foetal haemoglobin has a higher oxygen affinity than adult haemoglobin, which helps it to:β Draw oxygen from the mother's blood across the placenta