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2.1 Carbohydrates β Test 1
Q1. The general empirical formula for carbohydrates is:β (CHβO)β
Q2. The class of carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolysed further is a:β Monosaccharide
Q3. The term βanomersβ of glucose refers to isomers that differ in configuration at:β Carbon-1 only (the anomeric carbon)
Q4. D-glucose and D-mannose are an example of:β An epimeric pair
Q5. How many possible aldohexose stereoisomers exist (D- and L- together)?β 16
Q6. Conversion of an aldose to a ketose by an isomerase proceeds through formation of:β An ene-diol intermediate
Q7. Which monosaccharide is NOT an aldose?β Fructose
Q8. With Fehling's / Benedict's reagent, reducing sugars give a red precipitate of:β Cuprous oxide (CuβO)
Q9. Which test distinguishes ketoses from aldoses?β Seliwanoff's test
Q10. A polysaccharide consisting of Ξ±-1,6-linked D-glucose units is:β Dextran
Q11. The glycosidic linkages in cellulose and amylose are, respectively:β Ξ²-1,4 and Ξ±-1,4
Q12. Why can humans digest starch but not cellulose, although both are glucose polymers?β Intestinal enzymes are specific for Ξ±-1,4 (not Ξ²-1,4) linkages
Q13. Chitin (insect/fungal exoskeleton) is a homopolymer of:β N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in Ξ²-1,4 linkage
Q14. Which disaccharide does NOT react with Benedict's reagent (is non-reducing)?β Sucrose
Q15. Lactose is formed from galactose and glucose joined by which linkage?β Galactose Ξ²-1,4 glucose
Q16. The repeating disaccharide unit of cellulose is:β Cellobiose
Q17. Which sugar derivative is a deoxy sugar?β 2-Deoxyribose
Q18. Which is an amino sugar?β N-Acetylglucosamine
Q19. Which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) does NOT contain a uronic acid?β Keratan sulphate
Q20. Hyaluronic acid is a polymer of alternating residues of:β D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine
Q21. In N-linked glycosylation, the oligosaccharide is attached to the protein via which amino acid?β Asparagine
Q22. In O-linked glycosylation, the first sugar usually attached to serine/threonine is:β N-acetylgalactosamine
Q23. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate are related as:β Isomers (an aldoseβketose pair)
Q24. Which polysaccharide turns blue-black with iodine?β Starch (amylose)
2.2 Lipids β Test 2
Q25. An essential fatty acid (must be supplied in the diet) is:β Linoleic acid
Q26. The melting point of a fatty acid:β Decreases as the number of double bonds increases
Q27. Oleic acid is best classified as an:β Ο-9 fatty acid
Q28. Alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils to give soaps is called:β Saponification
Q29. Which lipid lacks a glycerol backbone?β Sphingomyelin
Q30. The components of a ceramide are:β Sphingosine + fatty acid
Q31. Which is a glycolipid (glycosphingolipid)?β Cerebroside
Q32. Cholesterol contains:β 27 carbons and one hydroxyl group
Q33. Which is an animal sterol?β Cholesterol
Q34. Which lipoprotein transports dietary (exogenous) lipids from the intestine?β Chylomicrons
Q35. Which lipoprotein is popularly called βgood cholesterolβ because it carries cholesterol from tissues back to the liver?β HDL
Q36. The lipid that acts as a lung surfactant is:β Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
Q37. Which phospholipid is enriched in the inner mitochondrial membrane?β Cardiolipin
Q38. Snake venom contains which lipid-degrading enzyme that releases lysophospholipids?β Phospholipase A2
Q39. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that:β Lacks one of its two fatty-acyl chains
Q40. Which class of lipid is a precursor of the steroid hormones?β Cholesterol
Q41. The spontaneous arrangement of phospholipids in water into a closed spherical bilayer vesicle is called a:β Liposome
Q42. Which lipid is amphipathic (has both polar and non-polar parts)?β Phosphatidylcholine
Q43. Which fatty acid would make a cooking oil most prone to rancidity on storage?β A polyunsaturated fatty acid with several double bonds
Q44. Fats and oils (triacylglycerols) are chemically:β Triesters of glycerol with fatty acids
Q45. A wax is chemically:β An ester of a long-chain alcohol and a long-chain fatty acid
Q46. Arachidonic acid (the precursor of prostaglandins) contains how many double bonds?β 4
2.3 Vitamins & Coenzymes β Test 3
Q47. Which group of vitamins is fat-soluble?β A, D, E and K
Q48. The coenzymes FAD and FMN are derived from which vitamin?β Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Q49. The coenzyme NADβΊ / NADPβΊ is derived from which vitamin?β Niacin (vitamin B3)
Q50. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), the coenzyme from vitamin B1, mainly transfers:β An aldehyde (active-aldehyde / 2-carbon) unit
Q51. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), the coenzyme of vitamin B6, is central to:β Transamination and amino-acid metabolism
Q52. Biotin acts as the coenzyme for which type of reaction?β Carboxylation
Q53. Coenzyme A, the universal acyl-group carrier, is derived from which vitamin?β Pantothenic acid (B5)
Q54. Tetrahydrofolate, derived from folic acid, functions as a carrier of:β One-carbon units
Q55. Which vitamin contains the metal cobalt?β Vitamin B12
Q56. Deficiency of vitamin B12 absorption β due to lack of intrinsic factor β causes:β Pernicious anaemia
Q57. Scurvy results from deficiency of:β Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Q58. Vitamin C is required as a cofactor for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in:β Collagen
Q59. Rickets in children results from deficiency of:β Vitamin D
Q60. Vitamin D is synthesised in the skin from which precursor on exposure to UV light?β 7-Dehydrocholesterol
Q61. Vitamin A deficiency characteristically causes:β Night blindness
Q62. In the visual cycle, opsin combines with which form of vitamin A to form rhodopsin?β 11-cis-retinal
Q63. Vitamin K is required as a cofactor for the carboxylase that activates:β Blood-clotting factors
Q64. Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia) is caused by deficiency of:β Niacin
Q65. Avidin in raw egg white causes deficiency of which vitamin by blocking its absorption?β Biotin
Q66. Which water-soluble vitamin is structurally most similar to a monosaccharide?β Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)