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Chloroplast Structure & Genome — Test 1
Q1. Chloroplasts are bounded by:✓ A double (outer and inner) membrane
Q2. The flattened membrane sacs inside a chloroplast, where the light reactions occur, are called:✓ Thylakoids
Q3. Stacks of thylakoids within a chloroplast are known as:✓ Grana
Q4. The fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids, where the Calvin cycle occurs, is the:✓ Stroma
Q5. The green pigment that captures light energy in the chloroplast is:✓ Chlorophyll
Q6. Chloroplasts contain their own genetic material in the form of:✓ A circular DNA molecule (plus their own ribosomes)
Q7. The presence of their own DNA, ribosomes and a double membrane supports the idea that chloroplasts arose by:✓ Endosymbiosis (from an engulfed photosynthetic bacterium)
Q8. Chloroplasts belong to a larger family of plant organelles called:✓ Plastids
The Light Reactions — Test 2
Q9. In the chloroplast, the light-dependent reactions take place at the:✓ Thylakoid membrane
Q10. The oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from the splitting of:✓ Water
Q11. The splitting of water (photolysis) is carried out by a component associated with photosystem II, called the:✓ Oxygen-evolving complex
Q12. During the light reactions, the final electron acceptor that becomes reduced is:✓ NADP⁺ (forming NADPH)
Q13. ATP is made in the light reactions by ATP synthase, powered by a proton gradient across the:✓ Thylakoid membrane
Q14. During photosynthetic electron transport, protons (H⁺) accumulate in the:✓ Thylakoid lumen
Q15. Electrons released from photosystem I are ultimately passed to ferredoxin and then to:✓ NADP⁺ (forming NADPH)
Q16. The mobile electron carrier that shuttles electrons within the thylakoid membrane (between PSII and the cytochrome complex) is:✓ Plastoquinone
Carbon Fixation (Calvin Cycle) — Test 3
Q17. The Calvin cycle (carbon-fixation reactions) takes place in the:✓ Stroma
Q18. The enzyme that fixes atmospheric CO2 in the Calvin cycle is:✓ Rubisco
Q19. The five-carbon molecule that accepts CO2 at the start of the Calvin cycle is:✓ Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)
Q20. The Calvin cycle uses which products of the light reactions to fix carbon?✓ ATP and NADPH
Q21. The Calvin cycle is described as the 'light-independent' reactions because it:✓ Does not use light directly, but relies on ATP and NADPH made by the light reactions