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4.5 Posterior Pituitary (ADH & Oxytocin) — Test 1
Q1. The renal water-retaining action of ADH is mediated by:✓ V2 receptors and cAMP (inserting aquaporin-2)
Q2. The vasoconstrictor (pressor) action of ADH is mediated by:✓ V1 receptors and the IP3/Ca²⁺ system
Q3. ADH secretion is INCREASED by:✓ Increased serum osmolarity
Q4. Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is associated with:✓ Hyponatremia and water intoxication
Q5. A patient with very dilute urine, high serum osmolarity, and NO response to exogenous ADH most likely has:✓ Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Q6. A lung-cancer patient with hypercalcemia develops dilute urine unresponsive to ADH. The likely link is:✓ Hypercalcemia (from PTH-rp) causing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Q7. Oxytocin secretion is increased by:✓ Suckling and dilation of the cervix
Q8. Match each ADH receptor with its action and choose the correct option.✓ A-ii, B-i
Q9. The main action of oxytocin on the breast is:✓ Contraction of myoepithelial cells (milk ejection)
Q10. ADH originates primarily in the ___ nucleus, and oxytocin in the ___ nucleus of the hypothalamus.✓ supraoptic; paraventricular
Q11. Oxytocin is used clinically to:✓ Induce labour and reduce postpartum bleeding
Q12. In central diabetes insipidus, the defect is:✓ Deficient ADH secretion (responds to exogenous ADH)
Q13. Factors that DECREASE ADH secretion include:✓ Ethanol and ANP
Q14. Both ADH and oxytocin are:✓ Homologous nonapeptides made in the hypothalamus
Q15. The appropriate treatment for hypercalcemia-induced nephrogenic DI in malignancy is to:✓ Lower serum calcium (e.g. pamidronate plus furosemide)
Q16. In SIADH, the typical laboratory pattern is:✓ Low serum osmolarity with inappropriately concentrated urine
Q17. Oxytocin causes uterine contraction; near term, uterine sensitivity rises because:✓ Oxytocin receptors are upregulated as parturition approaches
Q18. Increased serum osmolarity raises ADH through:✓ Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
Q19. Which best distinguishes central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?✓ Response of urine osmolarity to exogenous ADH (responds in central, not nephrogenic)
Q20. Thirst in a patient with diabetes insipidus is best explained by:✓ Rising serum osmolarity from water loss