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6.5 Adrenal Medulla & Stress — Test 1
Q1. The adrenal medulla is functionally a modified:✓ Sympathetic ganglion (neural-crest derived)
Q2. The major catecholamine secreted by the human adrenal medulla is:✓ Epinephrine
Q3. A direct metabolic effect of epinephrine during stress is to:✓ Raise blood glucose (glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis)
Q4. A pheochromocytoma classically presents with:✓ Episodic hypertension, headache, sweating and palpitations
Q5. The enzyme PNMT (making epinephrine from norepinephrine) is induced by:✓ Cortisol from the adrenal cortex
Q6. Catecholamines are inactivated by:✓ MAO and COMT (yielding VMA/metanephrines)
Q7. In the stress response, cortisol and epinephrine cooperate because cortisol is:✓ Permissive for catecholamine action (e.g. vascular tone)
Q8. Match each adrenal region with its product and choose the correct option.✓ A-ii, B-iii, C-i
Q9. Chromaffin cells store catecholamines in:✓ Chromaffin (secretory) granules
Q10. Epinephrine acting on β2 receptors causes:✓ Bronchodilation (and vasodilation in some beds)
Q11. The cardiovascular effect of epinephrine via β1 receptors is to:✓ Increase heart rate and contractility
Q12. Why does epinephrine raise blood glucose more than insulin lowers it during acute stress?✓ It stimulates glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis and inhibits insulin
Q13. Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma is best supported by measuring:✓ Plasma/urine metanephrines (catecholamine metabolites)
Q14. Catecholamines act on target tissues via:✓ Cell-surface adrenergic receptors (α and β) and second messengers
Q15. During the fight-or-flight response, epinephrine causes blood flow to be:✓ Redirected to skeletal muscle and away from the gut
Q16. The peptide urocortin, related to the stress system, is secreted by the:✓ Brain
Q17. A useful preoperative drug class before pheochromocytoma surgery is:✓ α-adrenergic blockers (then β-blockers)
Q18. Catecholamine synthesis in the medulla shares its early steps with:✓ Neuronal catecholamine synthesis (tyrosine -> DOPA -> dopamine -> NE)
Q19. Which statement about the adrenal gland is correct?✓ The cortex makes steroids; the medulla makes catecholamines
Q20. The overall role of the adrenal medulla is to:✓ Provide rapid, hormonal reinforcement of the sympathetic response