Quick revision: every question with its correct answer. For the full explanation, open the test and tap View Solution.
7.4 Diabetes Mellitus & DKA — Test 1
Q1. Polyuria in diabetes mellitus occurs because of:✓ Osmotic diuresis from glucosuria
Q2. HbA1c (glycosylated haemoglobin) is used to assess:✓ Long-term (2-3 month) average blood glucose
Q3. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterised by:✓ Autoimmune beta-cell destruction with insulin deficiency
Q4. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterised mainly by:✓ Insulin resistance (often with relative insulin deficiency)
Q5. Diabetic ketoacidosis develops mainly in insulin deficiency because:✓ Unrestrained lipolysis increases hepatic ketone production
Q6. Gestational diabetes is most often due to:✓ High placental lactogen (hPL) causing insulin resistance
Q7. Which hormone decreases insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization in the mother during pregnancy?✓ Human chorionic somatomammotropin (placental lactogen)
Q8. Match each feature with the diabetes type and choose the correct option.✓ A-ii, B-i
Q9. A low C-peptide in a hyperglycaemic patient suggests:✓ Type 1 diabetes (beta-cell failure)
Q10. The osmotic diuresis of hyperglycaemia leads to:✓ Dehydration and polydipsia
Q11. In DKA, the characteristic acid-base disturbance is:✓ High-anion-gap metabolic acidosis
Q12. Which counter-regulatory hormone excess can cause secondary hyperglycaemia/'diabetogenic' effects?✓ Cortisol (and growth hormone)
Q13. Treatment of type 1 diabetes requires:✓ Exogenous insulin
Q14. Sulfonylureas are useful in type 2 (not type 1) diabetes because they:✓ Stimulate insulin release from functioning beta cells
Q15. Glucagon is used clinically to treat:✓ Severe hypoglycaemia (when IV access is unavailable)
Q16. Why does poorly controlled maternal diabetes cause fetal macrosomia?✓ Maternal hyperglycaemia raises fetal insulin, which acts as a growth factor
Q17. The renal threshold being exceeded means glucose appears in urine when blood glucose is:✓ Above roughly 180 mg/dL
Q18. HbA1c can be misleadingly low in conditions with:✓ Shortened red-cell lifespan (e.g. haemolysis)
Q19. The combination of hyperglycaemia, ketosis and acidosis with insulin deficiency defines:✓ Diabetic ketoacidosis
Q20. The best single test for monitoring long-term glycaemic control is:✓ HbA1c