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11.2 PCR, Sequencing & the Human Genome — Test 1
Q1. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed by:✓ Kary Mullis
Q2. PCR is a technique that:✓ Uses primers and a thermostable polymerase to amplify specific DNA in vitro
Q3. Which of the following is NOT required in a standard PCR reaction?✓ Restriction enzymes
Q4. Which factors influence the fidelity (accuracy) of the polymerase during PCR?✓ Mg²⁺ concentration, pH and annealing temperature
Q5. To amplify the tiny amount of DNA recoverable from preserved woolly-mammoth tissue, the most useful technique is:✓ PCR
Q6. The thermostable polymerase classically used in PCR is:✓ Taq polymerase (from Thermus aquaticus)
Q7. The three temperature steps repeated in each PCR cycle are:✓ Denaturation, annealing and extension
Q8. Real-time (quantitative) PCR differs from standard PCR in that it:✓ Measures product accumulation during the reaction (quantitatively)
Q9. Reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) is used to:✓ Amplify DNA from an RNA starting template (via cDNA)
Q10. In Sanger (dideoxy) sequencing, DNA synthesis terminates at a particular base because the incorporated ddNTP:✓ Lacks a 3'-OH group, preventing addition of the next nucleotide
Q11. The next-generation sequencing technology that detects the release of hydrogen ions (a pH change) during nucleotide incorporation is:✓ Ion Torrent sequencing
Q12. In which sequencing method is mate-pair (paired-end) information NOT retained?✓ Sanger sequencing
Q13. The human haploid genome consists of approximately:✓ 3.3 × 10⁹ base pairs
Q14. The number of protein-coding genes in the human genome is approximately:✓ 20,000-25,000
Q15. The percentage of the human genome that codes for protein is approximately:✓ Less than 2%
Q16. The primary goal of the Human Genome Project was:✓ DNA sequencing and mapping of the human genome
Q17. The first free-living organism to have its complete genome sequenced was:✓ Haemophilus influenzae
Q18. OMIM is a database that catalogues:✓ Human genes and genetic disorders (Mendelian inheritance in man)
Q19. Which of the following is NOT a standard model organism in genetic analysis?✓ Mouse deer
Q20. Match each technique/fact with its description and select the correct option.✓ A-iii, B-i, C-ii, D-iv