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4.1 Types of Immunity β Test 1
Q1. Innate immunity is best characterised as:β Rapid, non-specific defence without memory
Q2. Adaptive immunity differs from innate immunity in that it is:β Antigen-specific and shows memory
Q3. Active immunity is acquired when:β The host's own immune system responds to antigen
Q4. Passive immunity is characterised by:β Transfer of preformed antibodies, giving immediate but temporary protection
Q5. An example of naturally acquired passive immunity is:β Maternal IgG crossing the placenta to the fetus
Q6. Artificially acquired active immunity results from:β Vaccination with antigen
Q7. Physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes are part of:β Innate immunity
Q8. Which cells provide a key link between innate and adaptive immunity?β Dendritic cells
Q9. A hallmark of the secondary (memory) immune response compared with the primary is:β Faster onset, higher antibody titre, mainly IgG
Q10. Natural killer (NK) cells belong to which type of immunity?β Innate immunity
Q11. Herd immunity refers to:β Protection of susceptible individuals when a large fraction of a population is immune
Q12. Complement and acute-phase proteins are components of:β Innate humoral defence
Q13. The lag (latent) phase of the primary antibody response represents the time taken to:β Activate, expand and differentiate antigen-specific B cells
Q14. Which is an example of artificially acquired passive immunity?β Injection of antivenom (preformed antibody)
Q15. Pattern-recognition receptors of innate immunity recognise:β Conserved microbial molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Q16. Cell-mediated immunity is a subdivision of:β Adaptive immunity
Q17. Which feature is shared by both innate and adaptive immunity?β They aim to eliminate pathogens and cooperate with each other
Q18. Passive immunity is especially useful clinically when:β Immediate protection is needed (e.g. after a venomous bite or toxin exposure)
Q19. The first antibody isotype produced in a primary immune response is:β IgM
Q20. During the gap before adaptive immunity is fully activated, the host is mainly defended by:β Innate immune effectors
Q21. Which factor helps protect the eye and respiratory tract against infection?β Lysozyme secreted onto their surfaces
Q22. When a microbe enters through a small skin abrasion, an early innate event is:β Activation of the complement cascade
Q23. In Drosophila, the Toll receptor protein is also important for:β Establishing the dorsalβventral axis in embryogenesis
Q24. The classic local signs of inflammation include:β Swelling, heat, redness and pain
Q25. If a bacterium has surface components resistant to lysozyme, then in a normal host it may:β Survive, reproduce and cause disease
Q26. Which are components of innate immunity?β Physical barriers, complement, and cytokines/interferons
Q27. Tears contain which antimicrobial factors?β Lysozyme, lactoferrin and IgA
Q28. The first line of defence against microorganisms is:β The skin and mucous membranes
Q29. Phagocytosis by mammalian immune cells is activated by:β Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Q30. Phagocytosis of pathogens is enhanced by:β Opsonins such as C3b and antibody, aided by complement and macrophages
Q31. An example of artificially acquired passive immunity is:β Administration of pooled human immunoglobulin
Q32. A key feature of active immunity is that:β Immunological memory develops
Q33. For a fast-acting snake toxin, the preferred protection is:β Injection of antibodies (antitoxin) against the toxin
Q34. Which is NOT a component of an insect's defence against infection?β NK-cell responses
Q35. The early stage of local inflammation is characterised by:β Vasodilation, redness and histamine release
Q36. Long-term immunity is best achieved by:β Vaccination (active immunisation)
Q37. Match each example with the type of immunity it represents and select the correct option.β A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i