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7.1 Cytokines & Complement β Test 1
Q1. Cytokines are best defined as:β Small secreted proteins that act as messengers between immune (and other) cells
Q2. Cytokines can act in an autocrine, paracrine or endocrine manner, meaning they act on:β The same cell, nearby cells, or distant cells
Q3. A single cytokine often has multiple different effects on different cells; this property is called:β Pleiotropy
Q4. The cytokines that act mainly as chemoattractants, directing cell migration, are the:β Chemokines
Q5. Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are cytokines that:β Stimulate the production and differentiation of blood cells
Q6. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a key cytokine that:β Drives the proliferation of activated T cells
Q7. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-Ξ± drive:β Inflammation and the acute-phase response (including fever)
Q8. Anti-inflammatory (regulatory) cytokines include:β IL-10 and TGF-Ξ²
Q9. Cytokines exert their effects by:β Binding specific cell-surface receptors and triggering intracellular signalling
Q10. The complement system is a group of plasma proteins that primarily:β Enhance ('complement') immune defence via opsonisation, inflammation and lysis
Q11. The central component of the complement system, on which all pathways converge, is:β C3
Q12. The three main functions of complement are:β Opsonisation, inflammation and cell lysis
Q13. Cytokines and complement both illustrate that immune defence relies on:β Soluble (humoral) mediators, not just cells
Q14. IFN-Ξ³ is a cytokine that primarily:β Activates macrophages and promotes Th1 cell-mediated immunity
Q15. The anaphylatoxins generated during complement activation are:β C3a and C5a
Q16. Cytokine redundancy means that:β Different cytokines can have similar, overlapping effects
Q17. C3b, a key product of complement activation, acts mainly as an:β Opsonin tagging microbes for phagocytosis
Q18. Cytokine 'storm' refers to:β Excessive, dysregulated cytokine release causing harmful systemic inflammation
Q19. The membrane attack complex (MAC) formed by complement consists of:β C5b, C6, C7, C8 and multiple C9
Q20. Which factor strongly stimulates the activity of both B and T cells?β Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
Q21. Match each soluble mediator with its description and select the correct option.β A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii