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9.2 Vaccines & Immunization — Test 1
Q1. Vaccination produces protection by inducing:✓ Active immunity with immunological memory
Q2. Live attenuated vaccines (e.g. MMR, BCG, oral polio) work by:✓ Using a weakened organism that replicates and induces strong, durable immunity
Q3. Inactivated (killed) vaccines differ from live vaccines in that they:✓ Cannot replicate and often need boosters/adjuvants
Q4. Toxoid vaccines (e.g. tetanus, diphtheria) protect by inducing:✓ Neutralising antitoxin antibodies
Q5. Conjugate vaccines improve responses to polysaccharide antigens by:✓ Linking the polysaccharide to a carrier protein to recruit T-cell help
Q6. Subunit vaccines contain:✓ Specific antigenic components (e.g. proteins) rather than whole organisms
Q7. An adjuvant is included in many vaccines to:✓ Enhance and prolong the immune response to the antigen
Q8. Herd immunity protects unvaccinated individuals because:✓ High population immunity reduces pathogen transmission
Q9. Passive immunisation (e.g. giving immunoglobulin) is appropriate when:✓ Immediate, short-term protection is needed
Q10. mRNA vaccines induce immunity by:✓ Delivering mRNA that host cells translate into antigen
Q11. Why do infants under 2 years respond poorly to plain polysaccharide vaccines?✓ Their T-independent responses to polysaccharides are immature
Q12. A correlate of protection for a vaccine is:✓ A measurable immune marker (e.g. antibody titre) associated with protection
Q13. Live attenuated vaccines are generally contraindicated in:✓ Severely immunocompromised individuals and (often) pregnancy
Q14. The principle behind a booster dose is to:✓ Re-stimulate memory cells for a stronger, higher-affinity response
Q15. Smallpox, the first disease eradicated by vaccination, was eliminated by:✓ A global vaccination campaign using vaccinia (cowpox-related) virus
Q16. Why must influenza vaccines be reformulated frequently?✓ Influenza undergoes antigenic drift/shift, changing its surface antigens
Q17. Mucosal (e.g. oral or intranasal) vaccines have the advantage of:✓ Inducing secretory IgA at the site of pathogen entry
Q18. Which type of vaccine generally induces the strongest cell-mediated (CD8) immunity?✓ Live attenuated (and some mRNA/viral-vector) vaccines
Q19. A key safety advantage of subunit, toxoid and inactivated vaccines over live vaccines is that they:✓ Cannot cause the disease (no replication)
Q20. The concept of vaccination (and the first vaccine, against smallpox) was developed by:✓ Edward Jenner
Q21. The first laboratory-attenuated vaccine developed by Louis Pasteur protected against:✓ Rabies
Q22. The process of weakening a pathogen for use in a vaccine is called:✓ Attenuation
Q23. Vaccination is a method of:✓ Active immunisation
Q24. Which of the following is/are examples of passive immunisation?✓ Direct administration of antibodies, transfer of lymphocytes, and maternal antibody transfer
Q25. Active immunity can be induced by:✓ Natural infection, vaccines and toxoids
Q26. A classic example of a conjugate vaccine is the:✓ Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) vaccine
Q27. The first recombinant antigen vaccine approved for human use was the:✓ Hepatitis B vaccine
Q28. Plasmids encoding an antigenic protein, injected so host cells express the antigen, constitute a:✓ DNA vaccine
Q29. Which of the following is NOT an attenuated or inactivated whole-organism vaccine?✓ Tetanus vaccine (a toxoid)
Q30. Regarding polio vaccines, which statement is correct?✓ Salk is an inactivated (killed) vaccine and Sabin is a live attenuated vaccine
Q31. A polysaccharide-based vaccine is the:✓ Hib vaccine
Q32. Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause:✓ Both meningitis and pneumonia
Q33. Conjugate vaccines are produced by:✓ Linking a polysaccharide antigen to a protein carrier
Q34. A specific immunoglobulin (for passive protection) is available for:✓ Tetanus
Q35. Which vaccine is given by the intramuscular route?✓ Inactivated influenza vaccine
Q36. Live attenuated vaccines are available against which of the following?✓ Measles, rubella and (intranasal) influenza
Q37. An advantage of DNA vaccines is that they:✓ Are relatively heat-stable, easing storage and transport
Q38. The administration of a weakened or inactivated pathogen to induce protective immunity is called:✓ Vaccination
Q39. One important way an adjuvant enhances the immune response to a vaccine is by:✓ Prolonging the persistence/release of antigen (depot effect)
Q40. Match each vaccine type with its description and select the correct option.✓ A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii