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9.3 Transplantation Immunology β Test 1
Q1. The main antigens responsible for graft rejection are the:β MHC (HLA) molecules
Q2. A graft between genetically identical individuals (e.g. identical twins) is called a(n):β Isograft (syngeneic graft)
Q3. A graft from one individual to a genetically different member of the same species is a(n):β Allograft
Q4. A graft between different species (e.g. pig to human) is a(n):β Xenograft
Q5. Hyperacute rejection occurs within minutes to hours and is caused by:β Preformed recipient antibodies against donor antigens
Q6. Acute rejection, occurring over days to weeks, is mediated chiefly by:β T-cell responses against donor alloantigens
Q7. Chronic rejection, developing over months to years, typically features:β Progressive fibrosis and vascular narrowing of the graft
Q8. Direct allorecognition involves recipient T cells recognising:β Intact donor MHC molecules on donor cells
Q9. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurs when:β Donor immune cells attack the recipient's tissues
Q10. HLA matching between donor and recipient is performed to:β Reduce the risk and severity of rejection
Q11. Calcineurin inhibitors (ciclosporin, tacrolimus) prevent rejection by:β Blocking IL-2 production and T-cell activation
Q12. ABO blood-group compatibility is important in transplantation because:β Preformed anti-ABO antibodies can cause hyperacute rejection
Q13. Immune-privileged sites such as the cornea often allow grafts to survive because:β Limited immune access and immunosuppressive environment reduce rejection
Q14. Passenger leukocytes (donor dendritic cells) in a graft contribute to rejection by:β Driving direct allorecognition by recipient T cells
Q15. The graft-versus-tumour effect, sometimes beneficial after bone-marrow transplant, occurs because:β Donor immune cells attack residual recipient leukaemia cells
Q16. Indirect allorecognition involves recipient T cells recognising:β Donor-derived peptides presented on recipient MHC
Q17. A major drawback of long-term immunosuppression in transplant patients is:β Increased risk of infections and malignancy
Q18. Autografts (e.g. a skin graft from one part of a patient to another) are not rejected because:β The tissue is genetically identical (self)
Q19. Pre-transplant cross-matching is performed to detect:β Preformed recipient antibodies against donor antigens
Q20. Match each rejection type/term with its description and select the correct option.β A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii