Introduction: Why Cells Choose to Die It sounds like a contradiction. Why would a cell—a unit of life—meticulously plan and execute its own destruction? Yet, in multicellular organisms, controlled cell suicide is not only common; it is absolutely essential. This…
Mutations caused by chemical and physical mutagens are classified based on how they alter the DNA sequence. The two major types of base substitution mutations are transitions and transversions. A third category, frameshift mutations, involves insertion or deletion of bases…
Reactive Oxygen Species and DNA damage are closely linked processes in cellular biology. ROS such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals can damage DNA through oxidative stress, leading to mutations and genomic instability. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are highly…