Every living cell depends on ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)—the universal energy currency. While most ATP is produced through the complex mitochondrial… Read More »Substrate-Level Phosphorylation in Glycolysis
Ever wondered how a tiny caterpillar turns into a beautiful butterfly or how a wriggling maggot becomes a buzzing fly?… Read More »Insect Metamorphosis: Types, Hormones, and Genetic Control
Have you ever wondered how your body knows how to build itself—cell by cell, organ by organ? The answer lies… Read More »DNA : Doble Helix Structure, Directionality, Base Pairing and Stability
You’ve probably heard of DNA—the famous molecule that holds the instructions for life. But what is DNA actually made of?… Read More »Nucleotides: The Building Blocks of DNA and RNA Explained
Translation in prokaryotes is a highly coordinated, energy-driven process involving mRNA, tRNA, ribosome, and many accessory factors. The Central Dogma… Read More »Translation in Prokaryotes: Definition, Steps, and Coupling with Transcription
DNA replication in bacteria is carried out by a group of enzymes called DNA polymerases. To understand how cells maintain… Read More »Types of DNA Polymerase in Prokaryotes and Their Functions
The immune system is our body’s natural defense network. It keeps us safe from harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.… Read More »Immune System Overview: Primary vs Secondary Organs, Innate vs Adaptive Cells
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is the fundamental principle that explains how genetic information flows inside cells. Biology is… Read More »The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology: From DNA to Life
Have you ever wondered why some people struggle with unexplained weight changes, fatigue, or mood swings? The answer might lie… Read More »Thyroid Gland Hormones: structure, Functions, and Disorders
Bacterial endospores appear as refractile bodies under the light microscope. When we say that endospores appear refractile, it means that… Read More »Endospore Staining—Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result
